مجله مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

Liability and Insurance policies usually include provisions which state that the insurer may defend against any suit, by third party injured, alleging bodily injury or property damage resulting from an occurrence that is within the scope of the insurance coverage. This type of provision serves often to afford the insurer the exclusive right in regard to exercising control over the defense of an insured; by which the insurer protects its financial interest in the matter.There are many questions regarding the legal nature, validity and, particularly, positive and negative effects of such a provision upon the insurer and the insured.The article examines the various aspects of these questions and their responses in Iranian law with a comparative view.

Nous avons etudie les deux periodes de l'evolution du droit iranien avant la Revolution Islamique, dans un autre article. Dans cet article, nous proposons d'examiner l'evolution de le droit après la Revolution Islamique.Après le triomphe de la Révolution islamique,commence la troisième période de l'évolution du droit iranien. De maintes changements et modifications se sont intervenus dans la législation iranienne, en vue de son adaptation aux principes et règles du droit musulman chiite(figh). Les programmes des facultés de droit et le contenu des livres académiques ont étés modifiés pour répondre aux exigences de la nouvelle législation. Le système de l'enseignement et de la recherche  en matière de droit souffre, à l'heure actuelle des inconvénients et insuffisances notables qui sont examinés en cet article proposant en plus certaines solutions.

In the first part of this article it was mentioned that nowadays in most countries consumer protection acts are approved, however, necessary and fundamental aspect of these legislations, i.e., determining the scope of their application have received less attention, both in legislations and in law books. It can be claimed that the precise determination of the ambit of these acts depends on three elements and concepts to be specified, that is, Consumer, Supplier and Consent to Consumption.The concept of consumer and its effective factors was completely debated in the first part of this article. In the current part, supplier and consumption consent will be dealt with coupled with some comparative studies. In the end, the conclusion of article will be rendered.

There are different ideas about the concept of "Kali- Be- Kali sale". Civil code is brief in this regard. The prevalent idea in Fiqh, regards this type of sale as an invalid contract; So civil Law hasn't accepted it. But the study of the different Fiqh texts and literature of this subject in Fiqh suggest that this opinion isn't   well established. Three main avidences (reasons) setforth to against this type of sale: the necessity of payment of price in meeting placc at forward sale (Baya- e-salam); ivalidity of Baya'- e- Dain -be-Dain (sale of debt to debt); the concensus of opinions.(Ejmaa')But none of these avidences. Can prove the invalidity of this sale. in this article, affort has been made to analyze and criticize the avoidances of prevalent idea and finally we conclude that in terms of Fiqh the "Kali- Be- kali sale" is valid and reliable, and it is too in I ranian Legale system.